1.Select only ONE of the following environmental stresses: (a) heat, (b) high levels of solar radiation, (c) cold, or (d) high altitude. Discuss specifically how this environmental stress negatively impacts the survival of humans by disturbing homeostasis.

1A.An environmental stress in a human is high altitude.High altitude is negative to humans because the higher we walk up the air pressure is lower.The percentage oxygen saturation of hemoglobin determines the content of oxygen in the blood.Once the human body reaches around 7,000 feet above sea level , The saturation of oxyhemoglobin begins to plummet.Which is bad because the human performs best at sea level where the atmosphere pressure is 101,325, there are three types of altitude.High altitude is 1,500-3,500 meters,very high altitude 3,500 -5,500 meters, and very extreme anything above 5,500.Reaching this high altitude can lead to medical problems , mild symptoms of acute mountain sickness which are a pathological effect of high altitude on humans.The body knows it needs to sustain vital organ with oxygen and because the amount of oxygen available decreases at the highest altitude , the body redistributes blood throughout the body.Lack go blood flow digestive organs can cause nausea , vomiting , and lost of appetite. 

2.Identify 4 ways in which humans have adapted to this stress, choosing one specific adaptation from each of the different types of adaptations listed above (short term, facultative, developmental and cultural). Include images of the adaptations.

 Short term:

When entering high altitude environments a few things happen , The heart begins to beat faster , the stroke volume is slightly decreased and all non-essential body functions are suppressed therefore resulting in a decrease in food digestion efficiency. The climate makes the heart work twice as hard to produce enough oxygen for the human body to remain at normal physiological conditions.

Facultative Adaption:

 The facultative adaption for high altitude comes from acclimatization.This happens when your body produces more capillaries and red blood cells to carry more oxygen throughout the body Lung size increases .The reason why the lungs increase is  so  lungs will be able to transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide at a better rate.

Development Adaption:

Populations that live in high altitudes will have developed  adaptations in their genes.For example, people that live in the mountains would be more genetically suitable for life at high altitude.their bodies produce more hemoglobin in their blood which allows them to carry more oxygenate rest. where as us that live in lower elevations we don't have that genetic trait. 

 

Culture Adaption:

Indigenous highlanders living in the Andean Altiplano in South America, in the Tibetan Plateau in Asia, and at the highest elevations of the Ethiopian Highlands in east Africa have evolved. Humans have developed genes to help live at high altitude.They have developed the ability to increase their lung capacity breathe faster and have larger capillaries to transport more oxygen throughout the body having normal hemoglobin levels. 

3.What are the benefits of studying human variation from this perspective across environmental clines? Can information from explorations like this be useful to help us in any way? Offer one example of how this information can be used in a productive way.

3A.The benefits of studying human variation this particular manner is by studying the changes of various sample populations over time.We can evaluate and see the environmental stressors  which can affect any population.If we were to take one population with one group of traits and moved them to another environment that the one in where we were born ,we would see evolutionary adaptation to the new environment. The information can be useful to learn how our body can adapt to the change of environment.For example, if the population in higher altitude was to live in lower altitude. The population like us that live in lower altitude to live in higher altitude.       

4.How would you use race to understand the variation of the adaptations you listed in #2? Explain why the study of environmental influences on adaptations is a better way to understand human variation than by the use of race. 

4A.In the four adaptations that I listed in #2, I do not believe that a person race has a connection at all because race has no determination on how our bodies react to high altitude.I believe that the study of environmental influences on adaptations is a better way to understand human variation than by race. 

1. So for part 1 we decided to do it two times and switch so we can both get the full experience of the assignment. So I was the one that decided to speak and my boyfriend was the one that had to use hand movements as the form of communication. I set the timer on my phone for 15 minutes.So I started talking about life and randoms things like what I have set for the next few days, a couple of questions and then I purposely talk fast so he couldn't understand what I was saying. The more I talked fast the more hand movement he used, he kept singing the stop sign time finally went up. It was my turned to stay quite and use hand movements and his turned boy I was scared I thought he was going to annoy me and I was right. He kept talking about guy stuff like cars, video games, and business. It was hard not to say anything and keep mouth shut its funny cause he doesn't talk that much I always talk more so to be quiet was difficult for me luckily I was able to move my hands so I kept on signal the stop sign and I was pretending to choke myself to example how done I was and that I wanted to talk he just kept laughing at me. I found this assignment to be hard because personally I’m an outgoing person and I like to talk a lot ever since I was elementary, I would always get in trouble in school for being a chatterbox. So being quite for 15 took its toll me I wanted to say something so bad but I had to cover my mouth. Being able to talk since you were young and not really using too much hand communicates as we did in this assignment we both can agree we did have to alter the way we talked since we weren't able to use our voices we had to use our hands to communicate and describe how we are feeling without saying a word.

2. I was in control in the conversation,I was the one that initiated all conversations and went from talking about school to what's your favorite toppings on a pizza. He was the one that tried changing subject,sometimes I understood what he was trying to express in his hand movements but other times I couldn't quite get what he was trying to express. I definitely was the one that asked all the question since I was able to talk and he understood everything I was saying I’m the one that had the power in the conversation because I was able to talk and I didn't have to use my hands to communicate and for the first time he had to be quiet and actually listen to what I have to say and he couldn’t say a word which I enjoyed a lot because I had the control and he couldn't say a word to me

3. I believe that culture that was able to communicate using their mouth and speak would have the advantage in communicating with their population because verbal conversation you can hear you could understand it without having trouble whereas if you could only use hand movements as your source of communicating it would be more difficult if don't understand the other person hand movements. For example, there was a population of 100 people and the king is having a meeting with his people, the people would understand what he says cause he is verbal he wouldn't have to struggle with hand movements. Another example is there is a person a mile away and their backs are towards you and you can yell and say " hey"or “stop”. Whereas if we are in the same scenario and there the only form of communicating was hand movements the person in front would never turn around. The attitudes of the speaking culture vs the symbolic culture is they could judge and make fun of the symbolic culture cause they aren't able to talk verbally as they can.yeah, funny story as I'm here at Starbucks writing this there is a group of older ladies and they're talking another language and although they can speak and don't need to use hand language I still don't have any idea of what they could be talking about.

4. So part two it was hard because we couldn't move we were practically just sitting on the couch like robots. My experience to this experiment was a bit difficult. We were talking about going out this weekend and when one of us spurred up an idea that we liked we tried hard not to smile or open our eyes in excitement or even raise our voice and yell “yes” to a great idea.

5. Overall this experiment results showed us that using hand signals are also important because it's another way to express how you're feeling for example if I don't say anything but you can see it on my face and I cross my arms you can atomically indicate that I’m mad. After doing this experiment I can see that using your hands or facial expression is very important and works very effectively because you can see it in a person's face what their mood is you can see it in their hands movements what they're mood the type of information I can receive when I see a person telling me something but their body language is completely different is when they're lying or maybe trying to hide something.

6. I think the great benefits of being able to read somebodies body language us we can indicate the person mood even if they say the opposite of what their mood is. Being able to read body language can help a person to survive is for example we you watch a movie or one the those crimes shows and it involves a swat team trying to break in a house of a drug dealer they don't talk they use hand signals to communicate with their teams so no one get hurt or caught and they can get the bad guy under arrested.

7. I Personally believe there are people who have a difficult for people to read body language because In part 1 of the assignment when my partner couldn't talk and had to use his hand I couldn't quite understand what he was trying to express. There was one time me and my friend were taking a class for English and she was across the room from me I saw her doing hand movements trying to tell me something but I couldn't understand and I was trying to give her hand movements back and she couldn't understand me either fast forward when we were done she waits for me outside to tell me “ I was signal for you to tell me if question one was true or false”.

What is the Piltdown hoax ? It was one of the biggest hoax to happen in the science world.It all begun on December 18, 1912 in the Southern English , in the town of Lewes in England in the village of Piltdown.A British amateur archaeologist one day he was digging in a gravel pitch what he had claimed to have found a piece of ancient human skull. He then invited a geologist by the name of Arthur Smith Woodward he was an English paleontologist , Known as a world expert in fossil fish.He worked in the Natural History Museum.Charles Dawson also invited Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, who was a French idealist philosopher  and Jesuit priest who trained as a paleontology and geologist.

The three of them made an astonishing finding at the gravel.They discovered a jaw bone a big discovery in England because it was never seen before, it didn't look like a human it looked like a jawbone of an ape.The holy grail of paleontology the connection between humans and apes.In December 1912 there was a meeting held of the royal geological society made the first public announcement of their findings.The human faults that come to play in this scenario is all these three men lied and deceived everyone. They deceived England this was huge in England they must have been disappointed, and the Scientist must be more disappointed because they thought they had to connection between humans and apes just to find out they been lied to.

After the discovery of the discovery of the jawbone some scientist were skeptical in 1949 they tested the fluorine content of the fossil and they discovered that the age of the fossil is less than 100 years of.They also discovered  an artificial stone and the teeth had been filed on the fossil and in the end they found out that the fossil beloved to a female orangutan whose teeth had had been filed it will look like a human like teeth. Dawson also found many other fossils with the same artificial stain found in the Piltdown fossil. At the end the finding has been just a hoax and there was never a connection between humans and apes.

The positive aspect of this situation is that when the modern scientist were able to date the skull and developed  a better technique so that they could avoid a fraud.The scientist use fluorine to determine the age of the object by trimming the duration of how long the object would absorb the fluorine  and chemical that was able to show the stains.The human factor in these cases of the Piltdown should be able to removed because back then because the didn't have the technology back then. Unfortunately the human factor is reducing now with all the new technology we have now that are more accurate. The life lesson from this hoax is that we need more research before confirming something so big like this cause or saying anything to the public until you have at least more than 3 scientists confirming Charles was an amateur  geologist  for a reason.